The medication can affect the esophagus because it can irritate it. Many people take pills without drinking liquid with it. This can cause irritation because the pill doesn't get swallowed entirely and then the chemicals are released while still in your esophagus. The chemical release can cause narrowing of the esophagus, hardening of the esophageal skin, and Achalasia which causes the esophagus to have difficulty swallowing.
Commonly medication known as "non-steroidal anti-inflammatory" drugs cause discomfort to the stomach. The drugs are more commonly known as pain relievers. For example: tylanol, advil, and ibprofen are all non-steroidal noninflammatory drugs. These drugs cause the stomach acid to not be as strong, this can then lead to swelling.
The irritation can also cause constipation and diarrhea. constipation is caused by the large intestine being blocked or clogged due to the nerve being affected and the muscles not contracting. Diarrhea is a product normally of antibiotics because it makes your bacteria in your large intestine change.
To prevent these from occurring, first, know what drugs you are taking and know their side affects because they could cause these things naturally. Second, it is better to take coated pills because they tend not to irritate the stomach as much. Third, make sure to take medication on a full or partially full stomach, never and empty one. Another thing you should do is to make sure you are taking medication with at least 8 ounces of water. Lastly, make sure you take medication while in an upright position so that it can more easily travel down the esophagus.
Link: http://medicalcenter.osu.edu/patientcare/healthcare_services/digestive_disorders/medications_and_digestive_system/Pages/index.aspx
Movie: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=08VyJOEcDos
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