Proteins are arguably the most important macro-molecule in the human body. Its uses vary from bodily structure to antibodies that protect the body from harmful antigens, or foreign invaders. Perhaps the most well known use of proteins is in our muscles. Proteins make up our muscles, and when we want to built muscle mass we take in more protein with which we rebuild our muscles faster and better. Proteins also make up enzymes, (image 3) which lower the energy required for chemical reactions. Essentially, enzymes facilitate reactions between substances. Proteins also serve as pumps to maintain homeostasis in the body.(image 2)
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At their most basic level proteins are made up of amino acids, which are joined together through condensation. This is called the Primary structure Based upon the order of the chain, it is characterized as either Alpha-spiral or Beta-pleated. This is called Secondary structure. Tertiary structure is where the A-spirals or B-pleats are folded into a compact structure based upon the charges and the polarity of the amino acids. The final stage is called Quaternary structure, and this is where multiple polypeptides are joined together to complete the protein.(image 1)
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Scientists have discovered recently that enzymes are not totally specific to certain substances. Basically, there are more substances than enzymes, and that enzymes can change their shape to fit the substance.
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